International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
A Different Banking Methods and the Developing in the Turkish Finance
Market-Turkish Participation Banking for 2007-2012
Ferhat Sayım
Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey
f_sayim@hotmail.com
Abstract
Financial systems and institutions has become the most important reason in the
fragility of world economic system. The formation and development process of the
financial structure also constitutes the infrastructure of the world economic system.
The course of the financial system and development has led to debate with the
financial crisis in 2008-2011. One of the discussion topics in order to eliminate
problems caused by the conventional banking system is alternative financing
systems. In Turkey, the corporations based on profit share system which are named
participation based banking spotlight, if the alternative banking systems are
considered. These banks which determine different principles in the risk distribution
of the portfolio acquired are analyzed more nowadays. Participation based banks
are placed in almost every regulation related to banking terms and get their legal
infrastructure more stable in the banking legislation of Turkey.
This study is a 2007-2012 part of research series. We try to find out the place and
the importance of participation based banking with the various sub-headings
especially in Turkey. We examine the comparative review 2007-2012 data of
participation banks which Collected Turkish Currency and Foreign Currency Funds,
Bank Loan Funds, Total Assets, Equity and Net Profit figures for the four
participation banks in Turkey. We are comparing the total figures with deposit
banks for the same period.
One of our primary goals in this essay, to study in the framework of the alternatives
of the financial institutions and options. These options could be asserted as a vibrant
and viable well established choice as a non-western model- different from the
classical western interest based dominant banking system in the globe. Moreover,
that participation banking systems’ grow and increase with its resourceful bulk of
transactions and shares within the financial market. In addition, we intended to
delineate the basic functioning structures, rules, norms, principles, procedures,
operations of that alternate banking system in the financial market.
After that, we have applied as a descriptive, explanatory, discursive and
comparative analytic methodology to expound the matter in detail. Having gathered
literature reviews then we have concentrated on Turkey as a model state in that
banking system practice; at which, what kind of instruments and tools used by
referring basic indicators, data and information related to the growth, flourish and
share of that sector within the total banking and financial system in Turkey.
Furthermore, that participation banking system positions, researched in the country.
Thus, it is explicated more concerns on by investigating its credits, deposits,
financing formulation systems and commitments with the banks, customers and
investors of the alternate banking system in the country’s financial order. At last,
we have attempted to clarify and summarize the concepts, definitions, expositions,
demonstrations, rules, assets, liabilities, equities etc.. by giving special cultural
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International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
internalizations about the organizational and operational activities of the
participation banks both similarities and discrepancies, too; so as to draw the
attentions of the new researchers and studies in that situation.
Keywords: Bank, Finance Market, Finance Sector, Participation Bank, Islamic
Bank, Interest Free Banking, Alternative Banking System
Introduction
With their former name Private Finance Institutions, or with the new one, Participation
Banks have no authority to collect deposits but receive fund through special current
accounts or profit and loss participation accounts, and utilize fund through methods such as
production support, community of profit and loss, financial leasing, buying and selling
documents against payment. Even if these institutions are having been allowed in Turkey
since 1984, they have been limited in terms of both quantity and scale (Central Bank of
Republic of Turkey, 2005).
The constitution of the legal base for interest free banking in our country is dated as the
end of the year 1983. With the decree dated 16.12.1983 and numbered 83/7506, the
foundation of Private Finance Institutions is laid.
Participation Banks are banks operating in financial sector, financing real economy and
offering banking service. Participation banks collect funds from saving owners, use them
in industrial and trade sectors according to the interest free financing principles and shares
the profit or loss with saving owners. The word “participation” in their name expresses that
this type of banking is based on the principle of participation to profit and loss (The
Participation Banks Association of Turkey-FAQ, 2010).
Participation banks serve as a means of transformation of saving to capital. Proportional to
their advantage of working with a greater number of branches, they also give standard
banking services such as investment consulting, safe deposit box, money transfer service,
giving check book, mediating cash proceeds etc (Battal, 2007, p. 57). Today, variety of
such services given by participation banks is equal or similar to the standards of other
banks.
Now, in this article, we are going to elaborate as the unit of analysis, the Participation
Banks, new financial instruments. In the middle of the first quarter of 21th century, there
has been occurred a World Financial Crises. In fact, that crises mainly influenced the
capitals of the financial center in the West. For those countries which heavily affected by
this financial crises, forced them look for new financial instruments and systems. For that
reason, it leaded to the quest for alternative models, opportunities or proposals.
The fiscal and financial crises, especially in the European Union Member States, it may be
due to of the rigidity of Maastricht Euro criteria, is deepening and deteriorates further. So
we think that it proves the need for searching new sort of financial innovations, techniques
and tools. It is also our modest propositions that might be recorded some theoretical and
practical contributions and amendments to overcome these current troublesome critical
financial problematic.
One of our primary goals in this essay, to study in the framework of the alternatives of the
financial institutions and options. These options could be asserted as a vibrant and viable
well established choice as a non-western model- different from the classical western
interest based dominant banking system in the globe. Moreover, that participation banking
systems’ growth, advancement and increase with its resourceful bulk of transactions and
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International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
shares within the financial market. In addition, we intended to delineate the basic
functioning structures, rules, norms, principles, procedures, operations of the Alternate
banking system in the financial market.
After that, we have applied as a descriptive, explanatory, discursive and comparative
analytic methodology to expound the matter in detail. Having gathered literature reviews
then we have concentrated on Turkey as a model state in that banking system practice; at
which, what kind of instruments and tools used by referring basic indicators, data and
information related to the growth, flourish and share of that sector within the total banking
and financial system in Turkey.
Furthermore, that participation banking system positions has been researched in the
country. Thus, it has been explicated more concerns on how it can be investigated by
mentioning its credits, deposits, financing formulation systems and commitments with the
banks, customers and investors of the alternate banking system in the country’s financial
order. At last, we have attempted to clarify and summarize the concepts, definitions,
expositions, demonstrations, rules, assets, liabilities, equities etc.. by giving special cultural
internalizations about the organizational and operational activities of the participation
banks both similarities and discrepancies, too; so as to draw the attentions of the new
researchers and studies in that situation.
I. Participation Banking in the Literature
Banking methods defined in this system called “Islamic Banking” in the international
literature are methods such as various kinds of project partnership and others based on
prohibition of interest (Moles & Tery, 1999, p. 304). Islamic banks in general referred to
the three types of. (1) Development banks, (2) Islamic banks in special purpose, (3) Islamic
Commercial Banks. Participation banks may categorize in Islamic Commercial Banks
groups (Canbaş & Doğukanlı, 2007, p. 237). Islamic bank works as a trading concern and
financial intermediary to perform interest-free activities purely according to principles of
Sharia’h. It is a welfare organization that promotes business and trade activities by pooling
the financial resources for the sake of profit and loss for mutual benefit (Ahmad,
Humayoun, & Hassan, 2010, p. 8).
Participation or Islamic banks are not institutions peculiar to Turkey. All around the
world, especially in Muslim countries, there are many financial bodies operating according
to a similar system. Even if the system consisting of such kind of institutions operating on
the basis of partnership of profit and loss is known as “interest free banking” or “Islamic
banking” in the world, it is taken first as “special finance house”, and then as “participation
banking” in the Turkish regulations.
The first modern experiment with Islamic banking can be traced to the establishment of the
Mit Ghamr Savings Bank in Egypt in 1963. During the past four decades, however, Islamic
banking has grown rapidly in terms of size and the number of players. Islamic banking is
currently practiced in more than 50 countries worldwide. In Iran, Pakistan, and Sudan, only
Islamic banking is allowed. In other countries, such as Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia,
Jordan and Malaysia, Islamic banking co-exists with conventional banking. Islamic
banking, moreover, is not limited to Islamic countries (Chong & Liu, 2009, s. 125-126).
But, when we look at the books of financial institutions generally we can’t see these
institutions among the financial institutions (Rose & Marquis, 2009). (Burton, Nasiba, &
Brown, 2009) (Mishkin & Eakins, 2009) On the other hand Islamic banks’ ability to
withstand the global downturn has fuelled an expansion of Islamic finance around the
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International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
world. Islamic banks have learned that customer loyalty and brand loyalty must be earned
(Omar & Ali, 2010, p. 25).
The Islamic banking and finance systems in West will continue to grow in areas like
Sukuk, Takaful, hedging funds, mutual funds, equity & asset management, corporate
finance, wealth and asset management. These high street banks are far more accessible and
popular, and all offer similar services. The main reason for the struggle is that, the Islamic
bank is introducing an entirely new banking model into a country that has been built
around an existing banking system that has been around for a long time (Malik & Malik,
2011, p. 184).
Related Legal Regulations in Turkey
Generally six types of regulations seek to enhance the net social benefits of commercial
banks services to the economy(1)safety and soundness regulation, (2)monetary policy
regulation, (3)credit allocation regulation, (4)consumer protection regulation, (5)investor
protection regulation and (6) entry and chartering regulation (Saunders & Cornett,
Financial Markets and Institutions, 2004, p. 379). We will deal with some of these
regulations in this study for Turkey.
Deposit banks, participation banks, development and investment banks, branches of
foreign banks, financial holding firms in Turkey, The Banks Association of Turkey (BAT
– Türkiye Bankalar Birliği), The Participation Banks Association of Turkey (PBAT –
Türkiye Katılım Bankaları Birliği), Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (BRSA –
Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu-BDDK), Savings Insurance Deposit Fund
(SIDF – Tasarruf Mevduatı Sigorta Fonu-TMSF) and their activities are regulated by the
mentioned Banking Act. With the condition that the provisions of the related law are also
valid for the banks founded according to special acts, the provisions of the Banking Act are
applied. In case of absence of related provisions in the special act, general provisions are
applied (Banking Act no. 5411, article 2).
Participation banks are supervised by Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency
(BRSA). In 2004, the Uniform Chart of Account was formed for participation banks, and
these institutions began bookkeeping as other banks, in accordance with the mentioned
chart of account (Central Bank of Republic of Turkey, 2005).
Definitions Regarding Participation Banks in the Banking Act
In the 3rd article of the Banking Act no. 5411, there are important definitions showing
differences and similarities between participation banks and other banks. According to
these definitions, both deposit banks and participation banks consist two lower members of
the higher definition of “Loan Institution”. There are also two banks associations defined
in the Banking Act, one of which is the Participation Banks Association of Turkey, and
other is the Banks Association of Turkey with a more widespread structuring.
The definition of “bank” in the Banking Act includes 3 types of banks. These are:
Deposit bank: Institutions operating mainly by accepting deposit and utilizing loan in
accordance with the Act in the name and account of itself, and branches in Turkey of such
foreign institutions,
Participation bank: Institutions operating mainly by collecting funds through special
current accounts and participation accounts and utilizing loan in accordance with the Act in
the name and account of itself, and branches in Turkey of such foreign institutions, and
Development and investment bank: Institutions operating mainly by utilizing loan rather
than accepting deposit or participation funds, in accordance with the Act in the name and
account of itself, and branches in Turkey of such foreign institutions.
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International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
Permission for Foundation or Branch and Office Establishment (Subsidiary) in
Turkey
According to the 6th article of the Act no. 5411, the foundation of a bank in Turkey or the
first branch establishment in Turkey of a foreign bank, is allowed with the condition that it
is in accordance with the conditions proposed in the Act, and with decision taken through
positive votes of at least 5 members of BRSA. Allowance applications and principles
regarding to this allowance is determined by the regulations published by BRSA.
Conditions of Foundation
According to the 7th article of the Act, the main conditions for the foundation of a bank in
Turkey are as follows:
a) It has to be founded as an incorporated company,
b) Stocks have to be issued in against cash reserve and all has be written in the title,
c) Founders has to have the qualities defined in the Act,
d) Board members has to have the qualities defined in the Act and to have professional
experience in order to be able to realize planned operations,
e) Proposed subjects of operation have to be in accordance with planned structure of
finance, management and organization,
f) Its issued capital free of every kind of collusion and in cash has to be at least 30
million New Turkish Lira,
g) Its founding charter has to be in accordance with provisions of the Act.
In addition, it has not so complex structure of organization and partnership which would
prevent supervision, and plans regarding proposed operation objects and structures
regarding internal organization have to be designed in a realist manner.
Provisions Regarding Loans
Participation banks are subject to strict provisions of the Banking Act regarding loan and
loan limitations. At the end of the detailed definition of “loan” in the 48th article, in the
second paragraph, fund utilization styles peculiar to participation banks are mentioned to
be seen as loan in the implementation of the Act:
(…) funding obtained by participation banks through payments of prices of movable and
immovable possessions and services, or through methods such as profit and loss
partnership investments; supply of immovable, equipment or commodity; or financial rent;
funding of documents against payment, joint investments and so on are accepted as loan
(…)
Loan Limitations
The quality of loans in the assets of the banks is very significant in terms of building
banking system on a sound basis and operating with sound balance sheets. The motive
behind the Banking Act and regulations made by BRSA is the prevention of these bank
owners utilizes collected funds in too risky operation fields or in their own group
companies with disregard of objective evaluation. In order to achieve this goal, the
Banking Act puts some limitations on the distribution of loans and proposes severe penal
sanctions in case of violation. These limitations are valid also for participation banks.
These are shown below in general terms.
Total loans utilized by a natural entity or a legal entity or by a risk group cannot exceed 25
% of equities. (There are some exceptional cases in which different rates are implicated.)…
Loans given to an ordinary partnership are assumed to be given to partners proportional to
their responsibilities.
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International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
Loans utilized by all partners registered in the stock register holding 1 % or more of the
bansk’s capital and entities consisting risk group with them cannot exceed 50 % of
equities.
Loans utilized by partnerships controlled jointly are assumed to be utilized by the risk
group which includes every shareholder controlling the partnership jointly proportional to
the rate of its share within the partnership capital to the total share controlled jointly.
Loans utilized by a natural entity or a legal entity or by a risk group and equaling or
exceeding 10 % of equities are assumed to be “great loan”. Total great loans cannot exceed
8-multiple of the equities. (…) When elements of the same risk group risk is included in
the assurance of a risk group’s loans, topics such as how calculations will be made and
how assurance elements with guarantee of country’s central government are mentioned in
the Act (Banking Act no. 5411, article 54).
Operations without Loan Limitations
Furthermore, the 55th article mentions operations which are outside of loan limitations.
Ones of these which are thought to be related to participation banks are listed below.
BRSA can made additions to these operation types.
a) Operations paid in cash, values and accounts similar to cash, and precious metals.
b) In case of allocation of a new loan to the same entity or same risk group, with the
condition of that loans given before in foreign currency or in unit of foreign
currency are considered in current exchange rate as of the date when the following
loan begins to be utilized, with the exception of use of check book or credit card,
increases of loans stemming from change of exchange rate, and interest, profit
share and other elements settled to overdue loans.
c) Partnership shares obtained free because of every kind of capital increases and
value increases of partnership shares which does not require any fund going out.
d) Operations between banks according to the principles determined by the Council.
e) Partnership shares obtained in scope of undertaking of mediating public offer.
f) Operations considered as discount value in the account of equity.
Participation Banks Founded in Turkey
Special finance houses adopted by Turkish society in short time showed a rapid
improvement in terms of collected funds, volume of work and project capacities. These
finance institutions are:
Albaraka Türk Special Finance Institution Inc.: The first finance institution of interest free
banking in Turkey, Albaraka Türk Participation Bank, finished its foundation in 1984, and
began its operations as of the beginning of 1985. Its name is still Albaraka Türk
Participation Bank. (Albaraka Türk – About Us, 2010)
Kuveyt Türk Evkaf Finance Institution Inc.: Kuveyt Türk, founded in 1989 at the status of
Special Finance Institution, changed its name in May 2006 as Kuveyt Türk Participation
Bank Inc (The History of Kuveyt Türk, 2010).
Anadolu Finance Institution Inc.: It began its operations in 1991 in Ankara. It is founded
with domestic capital.
Faisal Finance Institution Inc.: Founded in 1985. In 2001, Faisal Finance Institution Inc. It
has been taken over by Ülker Group, its trade name was changed to Family Finance
Institution Inc. In 2005, Anadolu Finance Institution Inc. and Family Finance Institution
Inc. merged under the name of Türkiye Finance Participation Bank Inc.
İhlas Finance Institution Inc: Founded in 1995. As a result of the 2001 economic crisis, it
went on bankrupt and its official authorization has been cancelled. That bank still has been
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International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
in liquidation, since 2001. We should underline the fact that the bankruptcy of this finance
bank negatively influenced the other participation banks, too.
Asya Finance Institution Inc: Founded in 1996. After the Act no. 5411 came into effect, its
name has been changed to Bank Asya Participation Bank.
After the Banking Act no. 5411 accepted on October 19, 2005 and published in the Official
Journal on November 1, 2005, the name “Private Finance Institutions” has been changed to
“Participation Banks”. And the name “Private Finance Institutions Association” has been
changed to “Participation Banks Association of Turkey” which has also created their own
insurance funds so as to prevent their depositors’ loss; because of any of its member’s
probability of bankruptcy at which they could compensate similar to other banks. This
insurance include some limits like deposit banks insurance.
Participation banks operating today among the institutions mentioned above are Albaraka
Türk Participation Bank Inc., Kuveyt Türk Participation Bank Inc., Asya Participation
Bank Inc. and Türkiye Finans Participation Bank Inc.
II.
Methods of Fund Collection
These organizations collect funds in the form of sharing accounts or current accounts to
operate independently within each maturity group (Parasız, 2009, p. 251). Main items of
liability side in the balance sheet of all firms consist of equity capital and loan capital.
Equities are funds given by partners as capital or profit which is not distributed etc. These
express resources belonging to the capital owners. However the share of equity item within
the total capital is not so high in finance institutions and especially in banks in comparison
to other businesses. It can be read as follows: An important part of resources of banks
consist of loan capital. Because of the banking system is based on this. Bank or
participation bank transforms funds collected from real or legal entities to loan. And the
collected funds are naturally loan capital. Therefore, the growth of a bank depends on that
it collects funds as much as possible in order to be able to give loan as much as possible. In
deposit banks, fund collection is mostly realized through promise of interest. However
participation banks cannot promise any future interest which would mean a predefined
return.
Participation banks collect funds mainly through three ways below. In addition to them,
there are also investment accounts based on gold or precious metals.
Current Account
Current accounts are funds which belong to physical or legal entities, money in which can
be withdrawn every time partly or totally, and which don’t pay any interest or profit to
their holders. These accounts are similar to checking accounts in interest banks. Account
holders open current account to be free of trouble to protect their money against theft, loss
etc., and have opportunity to keep their money in a safe place. They also use services
provided by their bank such as use of commercial check book, Money transfer, collection
of check and bills. With the help of these accounts, services are provided such as payment
and so on, parallel to needs of commercial and daily life. Therefore, these accounts which
are mostly dynamic are not proper to bring return and to promise interest. However banks
can use these capitals as equity capital after determining average amounts held in these
accounts and keeping the needed reserves.
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International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
Participation Accounts
Participation accounts are funds of interest free banks which belong to physical or legal
entities, money in which is deposited as Turkish Lira or foreign currency against contract
of profit/loss participation account, and which result in profit/loss participation. Interest
free banks pay amount of balance equivalent to unit account value to the account holder
according to the state of profit/loss. Payees of interest free banks have no right to demand
anything from funds accumulated in these funds (Akın, 1986, pp. 288-299). Returns
remaining back from the funds deposited by participation account holders are distributed to
account holders after deduction of losses stemming from returns obtained from funds
utilized in pools constituted after certain criteria are handled such as their fixed terms and
deposit date. When these returns are distributed, certain shares of these returns are hold by
participation banks as management share.
Special Fund Pools
Participation Banks, according to the 60th article 7th paragraph of the Banking Act, can
create special fund account pools for 3 or more months by collecting funds in private
accounts in order to be utilized for financing planned projects or other investments, without
the necessity of adhering time or types determined by the Central Bank of the Republic of
Turkey. Participation accounts belonging to funds collected in this manner are operated in
different accounts independent from other accounts and with different time. No transfer is
allowed from the collected funds to other period groups. The related authority or institution
has to be informed in 15 days after opening or closing dates, regarding special fund pools.
At the end of the period of funding, special fund pools get closed**.
III.
Fund Utilization Methods
Banking activity is mainly not a sector of trade of goods and service. This sector is a
service sector. With its operations, it is a sector aiming to utilize fund surplus – collected
from entities which have no opportunity or ability to use funds in their hands – for paving
the way for operations based on commercial activities, and to take a share from the added
value created. Therefore funds collected in order to create added value have surely to be
used for production of goods and service. Otherwise, it is obvious that money etc. held in
lockboxes would not increase where they stay, and not create added value. The most
important difference of participation banks is that they prohibit for themselves certain
methods of fund utilization and certain sectors used by other banks when utilizing
collected funds.
Fund Utilization Methods based on Commerce
The main fund utilization methods of participation banks can be listed under two titles: The
first of them is Fund Utilization Methods based on Commerce. Also deposit banks can use
these types of financing. However there are some points in certain procedures such as
handover of money which participation banks pay more attention. The important points
here are that it has to be an operation necessarily based on trade of goods or service, and
that payment to be made has to be delivered to the firm which sells the goods.
**Published in Official Journal no. 26333. Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (BRSA) / Bankacılık Düzenleme ve
Denetleme Kurumu (BDDK), article 7, 2006
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International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
Private Funding Support
Participation bank pays the price of goods or services – bought by real entities directly
from sellers for personal needs such as vehicle and apartment – in the name of the
customer to the seller, with the condition of not to be used in funding of commercial
activities, and in return the buyer is charged with a debt (The Participation Banks
Association of Turkey, 2008).
Financial Rent
In the operation which is called “leasing” today, the person who wants to buy a good
demands that this good is bought by the participation bank and rent to this person after the
agreement between this person and the participation bank. However it is decided the
customer of the participation bank will be the owner of that good after a certain period of
rent and of paying rents. In this way, the good with financial renting is used by the
customer demanding financial renting, and is owned by the bank. At the end of rent period,
the ownership is handed over. As investment banks, also participation banks can realize
financial renting operations without founding a separate company.
Murabaha: (Installment Sale)
Murabaha used in banking is sale of goods with an order of sale in which payment is made
some time after delivery of the goods transacted. A customer and a bank sign a precontract which proposes that the customer buys a good from the bank. After the contract,
upon the customer’s written demand, the bank buys the mentioned good in cash from the
seller, and sells it to its customer in accordance with the conditions agreed upon before
(Akın, 1986, p. 159). So, participation bank mediates trade, buys the good from the seller
in cash, and sells to its customer for the account.
Fund Utilization through Profit and Loss Partnership Method
Mudaraba: (Venture Capital)
Mudaraba is a method of fund utilization used by interest free banks very commonly. One
party gives its labor, know-how and experience (entrepreneur), and the other party gives
capital (interest free bank). In this method, real and legal entities present their applicable
projects to the bank. The manager accepted and funded by the bank is called “mudarib”,
and the person or institution funding or supporting the project is called “Rabbul-mal”.
After signing a contract with the mudarib, Rabbul-mal (interest free bank) has to keep
ready the amount of capital mentioned in the contract, in accordance with mudarib’s
demand. Other than conditions mentioned in the contract, bank has no authority to interfere
in transactions realized by the project owner. However in case of emergence of danger of
loss because of unplanned and irregular work, the bank can make some initiatives in order
to prevent loss. Normally, it can control accounts every time, and demand all formal and
informal bookings. Profit obtained at the end of mudaraba operation is shared among
Rabbul-Mal guaranteeing funding and mudarib using fund according to the proportion
determined before. In case of any loss, this loss is met by Rabbul-mal (Küçükkocaoğlu,
2010, p. 8).
Muşareke: (Joint Capital Partnership or Capital Invesment)
Muşareke is called “şirketu’l-İnan” in the Islamic Law. While One party, i.e. bank, gives
capital, and the other party, i.e. real or legal body demanding fund, gives labor in the
mudaraba contract, both of these two parties put forward both their labor and capital in
muşareke contract. One or more of participants of partnership realize the work, and every
partner included ones which does not take part in the work too deserves a certain right
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International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
according to the rate agreed before. Even if capitals are the same, profit shares can be
different, or vice versa. The finance method called muşareke is applied in following
manner: Islam Bank takes the responsibility to provide a part of the capital which is
demanded by its customer as its partner. And the customer provides the rest of project
capital due to its own financial opportunities and the qualification of the project. The
customer takes the responsibility of management, control and monitoring of the financial
aid because of its expertise. Taking these responsibilities, the customer deserves to take a
bigger share of the profit (Küçükkocaoğlu, 2010, p. 10).
Selem Sale: (Current Sale of Future Delivery Goods or Future Markets and Sales)
“Selem sale” means buying a good on account with another good bought or sold in cash.
The bank buys a good by paying its price in cash which is going to be delivered to the bank
in a future date agreed upon in the contract between the bank and the seller. A different
style of selem sale, as in funding purchase of building, machinery and equipment, can be
used also in purchase of consumer durables in case of that conditions are proper in terms of
economy. In other words, this finance technique can be used in order to fund industry,
trade and agriculture (Akın, 1986, p. 163).
According to another definition, selem is the sale activity which is made with money in
cash and goods on account. In selem, type, quality, amount, price, delivery place and date
of the product have to be determined in the contract. With the help of selem, goods which
will be produced in a future date are sold, and the needed money is obtained. On the other
hand, customer buys a good which it will need in a future date. So, both parties meet their
needs without using interest (Yılmaz, 2010, p. 14). For example, a farmer which needs
money is supported by the bank in terms of capital, and the bank sells the yield in the
market.
Documents against Payment
This type of fund utilization method is used for funding of foreign trade. According to the
contract signed between participation bank and the party using fund, the participation
banks buy documents against payment in cash, and sells to one using fund on account with
a higher price. This type of finance technique is mainly based on the method of murabaha
(forward sale) (Akın, 1986, p. 290). However, methods and documents used in foreign
trade gain importance at that point. Documents are used in foreign trade especially in
operations of documented credit. They are documents which assure importer’s custom
clearance of goods sent by exporter. Therefore, these documents which make possible that
goods entering in customs in the country of exporter are delivered by customs authorities
are undertake the ownership of goods as documents with status of valuable papers.
It means that a participation bank buys goods abroad in the name of its customer who gave
him order, and sells them to its customer.
IV.
Personnel and Branch Structure of Participation Banks
Growth of Branch Numbers
As of the end of 2012, the number of deposit banks founded in Turkey is 32. While 3 of
them are based on public capital, 12 of them are based on domestic private capital, and 16
of them are based on foreign private capital, 1 of them belongs to SIDF. Additionally, there
are 13 development and investment banks founded in Turkey. When we take also 4
participation banks into consideration, it is seen that the number of banks in Turkey
reaches to 49.
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International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
The number of branches of deposit banks was 7.570 in 2007, and reached to 10.234 with
an increase of 35, 2 % as of the end of 2012. The number of branches of participation
banks was 422 in 2007, and reached to 828 with an increase of 96, 2 % as of the end of
2012.
3 public banks and 1 SIDF bank excluded, each of 28 private deposit banks has average
254 branches, and each of 4 participation banks has average 207 branches. Looking at the
growth rates of the number of their branches from 2007 to 2012, it is seen that the growth
rate of branches of participation banks is almost three times more than deposit banks. The
table below shows the position of participation banks within themselves.
Table 1 Growth of Branch Numbers, 2007-2012
END OF YEAR
ALBARAKA
TÜRK
BANK
ASYA
KUVEYT
TÜRK
TÜRKİYE
FİNANS
TOTAL
SUM
Average 2007-2012
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
108
137
123
109
101
100
80
174
250
200
175
158
143
118
144
221
180
141
121
113
87
179
220
182
182
180
174
137
605
828
685
607
560
530
422
Table 1/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Branch Numbers, 2007-2012
END OF YEAR
ALBARAKA
TÜRK
14%
BANK
ASYA
19%
KUVEYT
TÜRK
19%
TÜRKİYE
FİNANS
11%
Increase Rate From
Prev.Year Total Sum
15%
Average
20072012
2012
11%
25%
23%
21%
21%
2011
13%
14%
28%
0%
13%
2010
8%
11%
17%
1%
8%
2009
1%
10%
7%
3%
6%
2008
25%
21%
30%
27%
26%
2007
27%
30%
10%
12%
19%
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 2012-13) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-13).
Growth of Personnel Number
As of the end of 2012, totally, 201.454 employees are employed in the banking sector in
Turkey. Personnel number of deposit banks was 153.212 in 2007, and reached to 181.197
with an increase of 18, 3 % as of the end of 2012. The number of personnel of participation
banks was 9.215 in 2007, and reached to 15.356 with an increase of 66, 4 % as of the end
of 2012. Looking at the growth rates of the number of their personnel from 2007 to 2012, it
is seen that the growth rate of personnel of participation banks is almost four times more
than deposit banks
11
International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
Table 2 Employments in the Banking Sector, 2007-2012
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Participation Banks
15.356
9.215
11.032
11.802
12.703
13.857
Deposit banks
153.212 166.325 167.063 173.133 176.576 181.197
>Public banks
41.056
43.333
44.856
47.235
50.239
51.587
>Private banks
75.124
82.158
82.270
83.633
89.047
90.612
>Fund banks
325
267
261
252
243
226
>Foreign banks
36.707
40.567
39.676
42.013
37.047
38.772
Development and investment 5.322
4.901
5.273
5.339
5.370
4.842
banks
Total
172.391 182.630 184.204 191.206 195.275 201.454
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 201213) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-13).
As of the end of 2012 (December 2012), the average personnel number for branch in
participation banks is as follows:
Bank
Albaraka Türk
Bank Asya
Kuveyt Türk
Türkiye Finans
Total Sum
Deposit Banks
Total
Personnel
No./Branch No.
2012(2.758/137)
2012(5.064/250)
2012(3.939/221)
2012(3.595/220)
2012(15.356/828)
2012(181.197/10.192)
Average Personnel No. Average Personnel
for Branch 2011
No. for Branch 2012
21,1
20,1
22,7
20,3
18,5
17,8
18,6
16,3
20,2
18,5
18,0
17,8
Actually, Bank Asya Participation Bank has the biggest personnel number and average
personnel number. Apart from Bank Asya, Albaraka’s average is high. In deposit banks,
average personnel number reached by dividing the total personnel number to the branch
number is 18 in the end of 2011. The same average is 20,2 in participation banks. This
means that participation banks employ 12 % more employees for branch than deposit
banks for 2011. But both of them is equal almost in the end of 2012. The average personal
decreased in the end 2012 for participation banks. Rapidly increase in the brunch number
seems the cause of the decrease for average brunch personnel number.
Table 3/a Growth of Personnel Number (Participation Banks), 2007-2012
End of year
Albaraka
Turk
Bank Asya
Kuveyt
Turk
Türkiye
finance
Total sum
Average 2007-2012 2.124
4.181
2.767
3.254
12.326
2012
2.758
5.064
3.939
3.595
15.356
2011
2.601
4.548
3.326
3.382
13.857
2010
2.175
4.266
2.850
3.403
12.694
2009
1.935
4.074
2.447
3.346
11.802
2008
1.796
3.806
2.245
3.185
11.032
2007
1.481
3.329
1.794
2.611
9.215
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 2012-13) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-13).
12
International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
Table 3/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Personnel Number (Participation Banks),
2007-2012
End of year
Albaraka
Turk
Bank
Asya
Kuveyt
Turk
Türkiye
finance
Average20072012
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
16%
14%
19%
9%
Increase rate from
prev.year
total
sum
14%
6%
20%
12%
8%
21%
28%
11%
7%
5%
7%
14%
40%
18%
17%
16%
9%
25%
29%
6%
-1%
2%
5%
22%
19%
11%
9%
8%
7%
20%
30%
V. Evaluation of Sectorial Quantitative Data
Turkish Currency Funds
Participation banks showed a quite better performance as of the end of 2012 compared to
2007 in funds of Turkish currency. As of the end of 2012, deposits of Turkish currency
reached to approximately 29 billion Turkish Lira after an increase of 265 %. Among
participation banks, Bank Asya has the biggest fund of Turkish currency. But highest
average grown rate owner is Kuveyt Turk. The second high performance belongs to the
Albaraka Türk.
Table 4 Collected Turkish Currency Funds in Participation Banks, 2007-2012 (1000TL)
END
YEAR
OF ALBARAKA
TÜRK
Average
2007-2012
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
BANK
ASYA
KUVEYT TÜRKİYE
TÜRK
FİNANS
TOTAL
SUM
3.586.632 6.143.803
3.819.808
4.980.901 18.531.143
5.535.572
4.797.751
4.358.934
3.290.809
2.029.617
1.507.109
6.768.530
5.215.357
4.496.126
2.987.415
2.111.414
1.340.003
7.444.772
6.233.354
5.712.662
4.660.035
3.300.252
2.534.330
9.241.391
7.813.463
7.662.288
5.979.825
3.603.487
2.562.363
28.990.265
24.059.925
22.230.010
16.918.084
11.044.770
7.943.805
Table 4/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Collected Turkish Currency Funds in Participation
Banks, 2007-2012 (1000TL)
END OF YEAR
ALBARAKA
TÜRK
BANK
ASYA
KUVEYT
TÜRK
TÜRKİYE
FİNANS
Increase Rate
From Prev.Year
Total Sum
34%
Average 200736%
35%
41%
28%
2012
2012
15%
18%
30%
19%
20%
2011
10%
2%
16%
9%
8%
2010
32%
28%
51%
23%
31%
2009
62%
66%
41%
41%
53%
2008
35%
41%
58%
30%
39%
2007
60%
56%
48%
44%
51%
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 2012-13) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-13).
13
International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
Foreign Currency Funds, 2007-2012
Table 5/a Foreign Currency Funds, 2007-2012 (1.000TL)
END OF YEAR
Average 2007-2012
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
ALBARAKA
TÜRK
2.513.238
3.689.446
3.246.996
2.522.656
2.173.836
1.955.493
1.490.999
BANK
ASYA
3.686.636
6.500.467
4.583.580
3.504.294
3.156.753
2.239.334
2.135.387
KUVEYT
TÜRK
3.248.656
5.986.513
4.702.970
2.885.347
2.370.842
1.957.958
1.588.305
TÜRKİYE
FİNANS
2.660.856
3.984.764
3.275.811
2.685.234
2.222.455
2.012.296
1.784.575
TOTAL
SUM
12.109.385
20.161.190
15.809.357
11.597.531
9.923.886
8.165.081
6.999.266
Table 5/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Foreign Currency Funds, 2007-2012 (1.000TL)
END OF YEAR
ALBARAKA
TÜRK
21%
BANK
ASYA
28%
KUVEYT
TÜRK
28%
TÜRKİYE
FİNANS
15%
Increase Rate From
Prev.Year Total Sum
23%
Average 20072012
2012
14%
42%
27%
22%
28%
2011
29%
31%
63%
22%
36%
2010
16%
11%
22%
21%
17%
2009
11%
41%
21%
10%
22%
2008
31%
5%
23%
13%
17%
2007
23%
37%
9%
2%
17%
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 2012-13) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-13).
The case in foreign currency funds is some different. Among participation banks, Bank
Asya has the biggest fund and the highest increase of performance of foreign currency in
2012. Kuveyt Türk and Bank Asya have the highest average growing rate in the foreign
funds. The second participant bank is Kuveyt Türk. As of the end of 2012, Foreign
currency deposits of participation banks reached to approximately 20 billion Turkish Liras
after an increase of 188 % compared to the end of 2007.
Total Funds Collected, 2007-2012
Bank Asya is the leading participation bank with an amount of 15.7 billion Turkish Lira; In
terms of total funds collected as the end of 2012. Kuveyt Türk, Türkiye Finans and
Albaraka Türk follow Bank Asya respectively. As of the end of 2012, total funds collected
by participation banks reached to approximately 49 billion Turkish Lira, after an increase
of 229 % compared to the end of 2007. Figures of deposit banks and participation banks
are shown below which facilitates to make a comparative analysis between them.
Table 6 Total Funds Collected, 2007-2012 (1000TL)
END OF YEAR
Average 2007-2012
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
ALBARAKA
TÜRK
6.099.870
9.225.018
8.044.747
6.881.590
5.464.645
3.985.110
2.998.108
BANK
ASYA
9.830.439
15.741.858
12.397.043
11.166.582
9.136.578
5.842.821
4.697.750
14
KUVEYT
TÜRK
7.068.463
12.755.043
9.918.327
7.381.473
5.358.257
4.069.372
2.928.308
TÜRKİYE
FİNANS
7.641.757
11.429.536
9.509.165
8.397.896
6.882.490
5.312.548
4.318.905
TOTAL
SUM
30.640.528
49.151.455
39.869.282
33.827.541
26.841.970
19.209.851
14.943.071
International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
Table 6/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Total Funds Collected, 2007-2011 (1000TL)
ALBARAKA BANK KUVEYT TÜRKİYE
Increase Rate From
TÜRK
ASYA
TÜRK
FİNANS
Prev.Year Total Sum
Average 2007-2012
28%
31%
33%
22%
28%
2012
15%
27%
29%
20%
23%
2011
17%
11%
34%
13%
18%
2010
26%
22%
38%
22%
26%
2009
37%
56%
32%
30%
40%
2008
33%
24%
39%
23%
29%
2007
39%
47%
24%
23%
33%
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 2012-13) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-13).
END OF YEAR
Among participation banks, Kuveyt Türk has the highest increase rate for total funds in
2012, 2011 and 2010. The second bank is Bank Asya in the same 2012. Kuveyt Türk also
has the highest average growing rate in the foreign funds with Bank Asya. The second
participant bank is Bank Asya in the average rates.
Table 7 Fund Distributions of Participation and Deposit Banks, 2007-2012 (Million TL)
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2007-2012
Inc. Rate
Deposit Banks
356.984 453.485 507.258 614.681 656.276 708.079
%98
Participation Banks
14.943
19.210
26.842
33.828
39.869
49.151
%229
Deposit + Participation B. 371.927 472.695 534.100 648.509 696.145 757.230
%104
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 2012-13) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-13).
Table 8 Total Deposits in Deposit Banks, 2007-2012 (Million TL)
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012*
Total 1000TL
356.983.744
453.484.686
507.258.479
614.680.785
656.276.000
708.079.178
27
12
21
7
8
Inc. Rate
When figures are compared as of the end of 2007 and 2011, it is seen that participation
banks have two times bigger percentage of increase than deposit banks on the percentage
basis in terms of rate of increase. Participation banks taken into account, total fund +
deposit in Turkey reaches 696 billion TL as of the end of 2011.
Funds Utilized, 2007-2012
Increase rate of loan-fund utilization from the end of 2007 to the end of 2012 of
participation banks higher than deposit bank’s rate. They are 226% and 166**%
respectively.
Bank Asya is the leading participation bank with an amount of 16.1 billion Turkish Lira; In
terms of funds utilized as the end of 2012. Türkiye Finans, Kuveyt Türk and Albaraka
*
This Figure Strong Estimate. Calculated via increase rate of 9/2011 and 9/2012 on 12/2011 figures. (Exact
figures will publish in the middle of May by BAT)
**
Very Strong Estimate. Deposit Banks 2012 Exact Figures will Publish in the Middle of May by BAT. This
Figure Calculated via increase rate of 9/2011 and 9/2012 on 12/2011 figures.
15
International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
Türk follow Bank Asya respectively. It is seen that Bank Asya has the highest average
increase rate for last six years. The second performance is belonging to Kuveyt Türk.
Table 9/a Funds Utilized by Participation Banks 2007-2012 (1000TL)
END OF YEAR
Average 2007-2012
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
ALBARAKA
TÜRK
5.644.337
9.075.183
7.273.906
6.269.485
4.675.617
3.716.977
2.854.852
BANK
ASYA
9.871.255
16.085.168
13.141.380
10.916.732
8.221.427
6.253.160
4.609.665
KUVEYT
TÜRK
6.916.123
11.848.419
10.360.917
6.984.989
4.904.932
4.237.341
3.160.138
TÜRKİYE
FİNANS
8.092.604
12.971.058
10.327.232
7.913.437
7.109.233
5.526.380
4.708.285
TOTAL
SUM
30.524.319
49.979.828
41.103.435
32.084.643
24.911.209
19.733.858
15.332.940
Table 9/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Funds Utilized by Participation Banks 2007-2012
END OF
YEAR
ALBARAKA
TÜRK
BANK
ASYA
KUVEYT
TÜRK
TÜRKİYE
FİNANS
Increase Rate From
Prev.Year Total
Sum
26%
Average 200728%
37%
36%
23%
2012
2012
16%
48%
28%
0%
0%
2011
16%
20%
48%
31%
28%
2010
34%
33%
42%
11%
29%
2009
26%
31%
16%
29%
26%
2008
30%
36%
34%
17%
29%
2007
44%
51%
47%
49%
46%
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 2012-2013) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-2013).
Growth of Net Profit
Table 10/a Growth of Net Profit, 2007-2012 (1000TL)
END OF YEAR
Average 2007-2012
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
ALBARAKA
TÜRK
135.655
191.835
160.870
134.379
105.626
136.242
84.979
BANK
ASYA
239.265
190.392
216.090
259.962
301.281
246.529
221.337
KUVEYT
TÜRK
151.698
250.156
195.042
159.648
127.133
104.086
74.123
TÜRKİYE
FİNANS
199.942
283.573
231.587
205.529
171.388
160.633
146.943
TOTAL SUM
726.561
915.956
803.589
759.518
705.428
647.490
527.382
Table 10/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Net Profit, 2007-2012 (1000TL)
ALBARAKA BANK KUVEYT TÜRKİYE Increase Rate From
TÜRK
ASYA
TÜRK
FİNANS
Prev.Year Total Sum
Average 2007-2012
21%
7%
41%
13%
16%
2012
19%
-12%
28%
22%
14%
2011
20%
-17%
22%
13%
6%
2010
27%
-14%
26%
20%
8%
2009
-22%
22%
22%
7%
9%
2008
60%
11%
40%
9%
23%
2007
22%
51%
105%
5%
35%
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 2012) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012).
END OF YEAR
16
International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
Looking at deposit banks for the 2007-2012 periods, their profit increased by %71 from
2007 to 2012, and reached to 23 billion TL in 2012. Increase rate of participant banks total
net profit is %74 from the end of 2007 to the end of 2012. The rate of participation bank’s
is a little higher than deposit banks. In terms of average profit per bank, deposit banks have
too high figures compared to participation banks naturally. However it is also obvious that
average scales, branch numbers and history of deposit banks are above participation banks.
Türkiye Finans has the biggest share in total profitability of total participating banks at the
end of 2011. Bank Asya, Kuveyt Türk and Al Baraka follow it respectively. Furthermore,
Kuveyt Türk has the highest average net profit increase rate among the others. Kuveyt
Türk has more stable rates at the last six years.
Year
Table 11 Net Profit/Loss of Deposit Banks for the Year, 2007-2012
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012*
Total
Inc.Rate
13.467.940 11.851.867 18.489.700 20.518.216 19.849.000 23.064.743
16,2
-12
56
11
-3
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 2012) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012).
Growth of Asset (Equity Capital)
Looking at the table regarding the equity capital growth, it is seen that participation banks
increased their equity in 2012 212% according to the 2007. Looking at deposit banks for
the 2007-2012 periods, their equity capital increased by 129 % from 2007 to 2012.
Table 12/a Growth of Equity Capital, 2007-2012 (1000TL)
END OF YEAR
Average 2007-2012
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
ALBARAKA
TÜRK
826.295
1.218.333
1.004.251
852.635
710.666
638.102
533.780
BANK
ASYA
KUVEYT
TÜRK
TÜRKİYE
FİNANS
1.732.301
2.349.273
2.137.426
1.941.667
1.707.894
1.403.692
853.856
1.043.379
1.684.037
1.437.978
1.256.685
807.312
685.679
388.583
1.321.276
2.125.162
1.613.659
1.406.096
1.193.692
1.001.456
587.592
TOTAL
SUM
4.923.251
7.376.805
6.193.314
5.457.083
4.419.564
3.728.929
2.363.811
Table 12/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Equity Capital, 2007-2012 (1.000TL)
ALBARAKA BANK KUVEYT TÜRKİYE Increase Rate From
TÜRK
ASYA
TÜRK
FİNANS Prev.Year Total Sum
Average 2007-2012
35%
26%
39%
31%
31%
2012
21%
10%
17%
32%
19%
2011
18%
10%
14%
15%
13%
2010
20%
14%
56%
18%
23%
2009
11%
22%
18%
19%
19%
2008
20%
64%
76%
70%
58%
2007
117%
35%
55%
35%
52%
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 2012) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012).
END OF YEAR
*
This Figure Strong Estimate. Calculated via increase rate of 9/2011 and 9/2012 on 12/2011 figures. (Exact
figures will publish in the middle of May by BAT)
17
International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
Bank Asya has the biggest share in total equity capital of total participating banks at the
end of 2012. Türkiye Finans, Kuveyt Türk and Al Baraka follow it respectively.
Furthermore, Kuveyt Türk has the highest average equity capital increase rate among the
others. Kuveyt Türk has biggest equity growing rate at the last six years.
Table 13 Equity Growth of Deposit Banks,2007-2012(1.000 TL)
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012*
Total
64.533.482
72.060.575
93.832.584
114.978.956
123.007.000
147.585.754
12
30
23
7
20
Inc.Rate
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 2012) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012) (BAT, The
Bank Association of Turkey, 2013)
Growth of Total Assets
Table 14/a Growth of Total Assets in Participation Banks, 2007- 2012 (1000TL)
END OF YEAR
Average 2007-2012
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
ALBARAKA
TÜRK
7.681.482
12.327.654
10.460.885
8.406.301
6.414.914
4.789.108
3.690.029
BANK
ASYA
13.178.446
21.390.024
17.190.099
14.513.419
11.608.955
8.108.129
6.260.048
KUVEYT
TÜRK
10.012.683
18.910.513
14.897.592
9.727.117
6.904.526
5.768.034
3.868.318
TÜRKİYE
FİNANS
10.542.867
17.616.504
13.528.353
10.691.860
8.699.643
7.104.156
5.616.687
TOTAL
SUM
41.415.478
70.244.695
56.076.929
43.338.697
33.628.038
25.769.427
19.435.082
Table 14/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Total Assets in Participation Banks, 2007-12
(1000TL)
ALBARAKA BANK KUVEYT TÜRKİYE Increase Rate From
TÜRK
ASYA
TÜRK
FİNANS
Prev.Year Total Sum
Average 2007-2012
27%
32%
37%
27%
31%
2012
18%
24%
27%
30%
25%
2011
3%
18%
53%
27%
29%
2010
31%
25%
41%
23%
29%
2009
34%
43%
20%
22%
30%
2008
30%
30%
49%
26%
33%
2007
48%
50%
32%
36%
42%
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 2012) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012).
END OF YEAR
When we look at the table of growth of assets, it is seen that participation banks provide in
the 2007-2012 period according to deposit banks. Participation banks increased their total
assets 261% owing to deposit banks increased their total assets 119%.
Bank Asya has the biggest asset among participation banks, which is followed by Kuveyt
Türk at the end of 2012.
*
This Figure Strong Estimate. Calculated via increase rate of 9/2011 and 9/2012 on 12/2011 figures. (Exact
figures will publish in the middle of May by BAT)
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International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
Similarly in this case, Kuveyt Türk has the highest average increase rate for 2007-2012
periods. Bank Asya, Al Baraka and Türkiye Finans follow it respectively
Table 15 Growth of Total Assets in Deposit Banks, 2007- 2012
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012*
Total
542.293.125
682.936.916
771.511.791
930.947.266
1.119.911.000
1.190.124.718
26
13
21
20
6,3
Inc.Rate
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 2012) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012).
Table 16 The Shares of Participation Banks within the Sector
Year
Sector
2012
1.315.759
Deposit Banks
Total
Ratio in
Assets
the
Sector
1.190.125 90,5%
*
1.119.911 92,0%
Dev. and Inv. Banks
Total
Ratio in
Assets
the
Sector
55.389*
4,2%
Participation Banks
Total
Ratio in the
Assets
Sector
70.245
5,3%**
2.01 1.217.695
41.636
3,4%
56.148
4,6%
1
2.01 1.006.667 932.371
92,6%
30.958
3,1%
43.339
4,3%
0
2.00 834.014
773.357
92,7%
27.029
3,2%
33.628
4,0%
9
2.00 732.536
683.823
93,4%
22.943
3,1%
25.770
3,5%
8
2.00 581.606
543.272
93,4%
18.888
3,2%
19.445
3,3%
7
Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank
Association of Turkey, 2012) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012).
Share in the Sector
6,00%
4,00%
Share in the
Sector
2,00%
0,00%
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
The table clearly shows that The Participation banks have increased the theirs shares in the
sector. While the share of Participation banks is %3,3 in 2007, the share reaches to %5,3 in
the end of 2012. The increasing rate of sector share is %61 as a number.
*
This Figure Strong Estimate. Calculated via increase rate of 9/2011 and 9/2012 on 12/2011 figures. (Exact
figures will publish in the middle of May by BAT)
** Very Strong Estimate. Deposit Banks Exact Figures will Publish in the Middle of May.
19
International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
VI.
Conclusions
Participation banks, with their old name Special Finance Houses, are institutions collecting
funds similar to deposit through private current accounts and accounts giving right to
profit/loss participation, and utilizing funds through methods such as production support,
partnership of profit and loss, leasing, document against payment. In Turkey, the
foundation of these institutions has been allowed since 1984. Their number which has
increased to 6 decreased to 4 eventually parallel to the consolidation of deposit banks.
However growth of volume and branch number in the finance sector especially in the last
years is also extremely valid for these institutions. Their share is small today in total sector
but it grows in a stable manner with their higher growth rate than other banks. In 2001,
participation banks had total asset amount of 2, 4 billion TL which meant a share of 1, 08
% in the total assets of the sector. These amounts and shares were 7, 3 billion TL and 2, 34
% in 2004, 13.730 billion TL and 2, 83 % in 2006, 25.769 billion TL and % 3, 64 in 2008,
and 56.148 billion TL and 5, 3 % as of the end of 2012.
These companies which are subject to most limitations of general arrangements
and loan limitations in the Banking Act no. 5411 differ from deposit banks at most in
terms of that they don’t undertake the risk of interest. Because these kinds of banks
don’t undertake the risk of interest which is one of the greatest risks which have
to be managed in banking sector, we can talk about an asset-liability balance
which is less sensitive to financial crisis. However not to undertake the risk of
interest, in these kinds of banks, differently from deposit banks, eliminates the
opportunity to obtain sudden and high institutional profit based on interest rate
difference.
Putting three public banks and one SIDF bank aside, while 28 private deposit
banks have 254 branches on an average, each of 4 participation banks has 207
branches on an average. However in terms of the increase rate of branches from
2007 to 2012, it is seen that participation banks reached almost three times bigger
increase rate of branch numbers than deposit banks.
Increase rate of loan-fund utilization from the end of 2007 to the end of 2012
of participation banks higher than deposit bank’s rate. They are 226% and 166 %
respectively.
Total net profits increasing rate of participant is %74 from the end of 2007 to
the end of 2012. Looking at deposit banks for the 2007-2012 period, their profit
increased by %71 from 2007 to 2012, and reached to 18,2 billion TL in 2011. The
rate of participation banks is a little higher than deposit banks. In terms of average
profit per bank, deposit banks have too high figures compared to participation banks
naturally. However it is also obvious that average scales, branch numbers and history
of deposit banks are above participation banks
It is seen that participation banks increased their equity in 2012 212%
according to the 2007. Looking at deposit banks for the 2007-2012 periods, their
equity capital increased by 129 % from 2007 to 2012. The difference between them
is important.
Thus those given results also all support our thesis in this paper.
Meanwhile, the participation banks also have some problems for instance they
have needed such as the Interbank systems which provide urgent proper credits for
the depository banks in the short run. Whereas, this situation negatively hinders the
participation banks performance. Because they are sharing nearly all of their funds
20
International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo
for the creditors or investors who uses them for leasing, production, sales, trade,
export and imports which composed the real sector of the economy.
For that reason it is very vital interest for the participation banks forming the
similar interbank system which would increases their customers and operational
transactions, too. For instance, the establishment of guaranty insurance system among
the participation banks positively influenced their expansion in the market.
Nevertheless, the depository banks they are the corporations so their rulers and
executive bodies are responsible fully form their operations and in any case, the state
quarantined their possible bankruptcy situations, but in the Participation Banking
systems there was no such kind of full responsibility or insurance system in their
financial credit operations because of joint losses or gains. In both theory and
practice there is a legal gap that is why it leaded to some corruptions and abuses, the
participation banks and companies in Turkey and European countries, too. This
problem has been partially solved for Turkey. Those banks and companies forced to
adopt the status and the legal structural establishment of banks and companies. Some
of them applied to be part of the Capital Stock Exchange Market. That is why they
could be checked and controlled by the state audit system.
This study examines the case of each participation bank among each other. The
tables and figures show the each participation bank ordering at 9 different criteria. In
conclusion, Bank Asya is the leader among the four banks in the eight criteria,
Türkiye Finans is the first profitable bank.
This study examines the more important thing for these banks. The average
increasing rate for last five years has been calculated in this study. This figures show
that Kuveyt Türk Participation Bank has the highest average in the almost all of
criteria.
This study shows that The Participation banks have increased the theirs shares
in the sector also. While the share of Participation banks is %3,3 in 2007, the share
reaches to %5,3 in the end of 2012. The increasing rate of sector share is %61 as a
number.
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23
Ferhat SAYIM (Prof.Dr.)